{"id":7457,"date":"2026-06-05T07:34:11","date_gmt":"2026-06-05T07:34:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/?page_id=7457"},"modified":"2026-09-24T13:15:36","modified_gmt":"2026-09-24T13:15:36","slug":"citation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/citation\/","title":{"rendered":"Citation"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"7457\" class=\"elementor elementor-7457\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-421af51 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-gap-beside-yes elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-column-vertical-align-stretch\" data-id=\"421af51\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70fd836\" data-id=\"70fd836\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d431ccc elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d431ccc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\r\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\r\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Lato:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,700;0,900;1,400;1,700&family=Fraunces:ital,wght@0,700;0,900;1,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\r\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/font-awesome\/6.5.0\/css\/all.min.css\">\r\n<div id=\"plr\">\r\n<style>\r\n#plr{width:100vw !important;position:relative !important;left:50% !important;right:50% !important;margin-left:-50vw !important;margin-right:-50vw !important;overflow-x:hidden !important}\r\n#plr,#plr *,#plr *::before,#plr *::after{box-sizing:border-box !important}\r\n#plr a{text-decoration:none !important;color:inherit !important}\r\n#plr img{display:block !important;max-width:100% !important}\r\n#plr ul,#plr ol{list-style:none !important;margin:0 !important;padding:0 !important}\r\n#plr h1,#plr h2,#plr h3,#plr h4,#plr h5,#plr h6{margin:0 !important;padding:0 !important;font-weight:inherit !important;line-height:inherit !important;color:inherit !important}\r\n#plr p{margin:0 !important;padding:0 !important}\r\n#plr button{font-family:inherit !important;cursor:pointer;border:none;background:none}\r\n#plr{--green:#006838;--green-dark:#004d29;--green-mid:#00844a;--green-light:rgba(0,104,56,0.08);--gold:#e4af21;--gold-dark:#c49218;--gold-light:rgba(228,175,33,0.12);--ivory:#faf8f3;--white:#ffffff;--ink:#1a1a14;--slate:#1c1c14;--muted:#2a2a22;--border:rgba(0,104,56,0.12);--border-solid:#d8e8d4;--sh-sm:0 2px 12px rgba(0,68,36,.08);--sh-md:0 8px 32px rgba(0,68,36,.12);--sh-lg:0 20px 60px rgba(0,68,36,.16);--r:6px;--EA:cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1);font-family:'Lato',sans-serif !important;color:var(--ink) !important;background:var(--ivory) !important;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased !important;font-size:16px !important;line-height:1.72 !important}\r\n#plr .w{max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 36px}\r\n\/* HEADER *\/\r\n#plr .hdr-wrap{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:9999}\r\n#plr .logorow{background:var(--white);border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-solid);box-shadow:var(--sh-sm)}\r\n#plr .logorow-i{max-width:none;padding:0 36px;display:flex;align-items:center;min-height:96px}\r\n\/* NAV *\/\r\n#plr .sitenav{background:var(--green-dark);border-bottom:3px solid var(--gold)}\r\n#plr .sn-i{max-width:none;padding:0 36px;display:flex;align-items:stretch;justify-content:space-between;min-height:50px}\r\n#plr .sn-links{display:flex;align-items:stretch}\r\n#plr .sni{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:stretch}\r\n#plr .sna{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:0 15px;font-size:13px !important;font-weight:500 !important;color:rgba(255,255,255,.88) !important;border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.07);transition:background .14s,color .14s;white-space:nowrap;letter-spacing:.1px}\r\n#plr .sna:hover{background:rgba(255,255,255,.1);color:#fff !important}\r\n#plr .sna .ca{font-size:9px !important;opacity:.5;transition:transform .2s}\r\n#plr .sni:hover .sna .ca{transform:rotate(180deg)}\r\n#plr .snd{position:absolute;top:100%;left:0;background:var(--white);border:1px solid var(--border-solid);border-top:3px solid var(--gold);min-width:480px;padding:4px 0 8px;box-shadow:var(--sh-lg);opacity:0;visibility:hidden;pointer-events:none;transition:opacity .17s,visibility .17s,transform .17s;transform:translateY(6px);z-index:10}\r\n#plr .snd::before{content:'';position:absolute;top:-12px;left:0;right:0;height:12px;background:transparent}\r\n#plr .sni:hover .snd{opacity:1;visibility:visible;pointer-events:auto;transform:translateY(0)}\r\n#plr .snd-wrap{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}\r\n#plr .snd-col{padding:2px 0}\r\n#plr .snd-h{padding:6px 16px 2px;font-size:9.5px !important;font-weight:700 !important;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);border-top:1px solid var(--border-solid);margin-top:4px}\r\n#plr .snd-h:first-child{border-top:none;margin-top:0}\r\n#plr .snd a{display:flex !important;flex-direction:column;gap:1px;padding:6px 16px;transition:background .12s}\r\n#plr .snd a:hover{background:var(--green-light)}\r\n#plr .snd a .st{font-size:13px !important;font-weight:600 !important;color:var(--green-dark) !important;line-height:1.3}\r\n#plr .snd a .ss{font-size:11px !important;color:var(--muted) !important;line-height:1.25}\r\n#plr .snd a:hover .st{color:var(--green) !important}\r\n#plr .snd-div{border-left:1px solid var(--border-solid)}\r\n#plr .sn-right{display:flex;align-items:stretch;border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.1)}\r\n#plr .mob-tog{display:none;align-items:center;padding:0 14px;color:#fff;font-size:17px !important}\r\n\/* MOBILE MENU *\/\r\n#plr .mobm{position:fixed;inset:0;z-index:99999;background:var(--green-dark);transform:translateX(-100%);transition:transform .38s var(--EA);padding:68px 26px 36px;overflow-y:auto;display:flex;flex-direction:column}\r\n#plr .mobm.open{transform:translateX(0)}\r\n#plr .mobm-x{position:absolute;top:12px;right:14px;width:40px;height:40px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.1);color:#fff;font-size:17px !important;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;transition:background .2s;border-radius:var(--r)}\r\n#plr .mobm-x:hover{background:var(--gold);color:var(--green-dark) !important}\r\n#plr .mobm a{display:block !important;padding:12px 0;color:rgba(255,255,255,.85) !important;font-size:14.5px !important;font-weight:500 !important;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.07);transition:color .14s}\r\n#plr .mobm a:hover{color:var(--gold) !important}\r\n\/* NEW ARRIVALS ANIMATION *\/\r\n#plr .na-wrap{position:relative;display:inline-flex;align-items:center}\r\n#plr .na-ring{position:absolute;inset:-4px;border-radius:10px;border:2px solid var(--gold);opacity:0;animation:na-pulse 2.4s ease-out infinite}\r\n#plr .na-ring:nth-child(2){animation-delay:.8s}\r\n#plr .na-ring:nth-child(3){animation-delay:1.6s}\r\n@keyframes na-pulse{0%{transform:scale(1);opacity:.7}100%{transform:scale(1.55);opacity:0}}\r\n#plr .na-blink{position:relative;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--gold-dark),var(--gold),#f5c842,var(--gold-dark));background-size:300% 300%;animation:na-grad 3s ease infinite,na-sheen 2.4s ease-in-out infinite}\r\n@keyframes na-grad{0%,100%{background-position:0% 50%}50%{background-position:100% 50%}}\r\n@keyframes na-sheen{0%,100%{box-shadow:0 0 0 rgba(228,175,33,0)}50%{box-shadow:0 0 18px rgba(228,175,33,.55)}}\r\n#plr .na-blink .star{animation:star-spin 2s linear infinite}\r\n@keyframes star-spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg) scale(1)}50%{transform:rotate(180deg) scale(1.2)}100%{transform:rotate(360deg) scale(1)}}\r\n\/* PAGE BAND *\/\r\n#plr .page-band{background:var(--green-dark);padding:42px 0;border-bottom:3px solid var(--gold)}\r\n#plr .pb-crumb{font-size:12px !important;color:rgba(255,255,255,.5);margin-bottom:8px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px}\r\n#plr .pb-crumb a{color:rgba(255,255,255,.5) !important;transition:color .14s}\r\n#plr .pb-crumb a:hover{color:var(--gold) !important}\r\n#plr .pb-crumb i{font-size:9px !important}\r\n#plr .page-band h1{font-size:clamp(24px,2.8vw,38px) !important;font-weight:900 !important;color:#fff !important;line-height:1.15 !important;margin-bottom:11px !important}\r\n#plr .pb-line{width:52px;height:3px;background:var(--gold)}\r\n\/* PAGE BODY *\/\r\n#plr .page-body{background:var(--white);padding:58px 0 76px}\r\n\/* SHARED CONTENT *\/\r\n#plr .pg-para{font-size:16.5px !important;color:var(--ink) !important;line-height:1.9 !important;margin-bottom:22px !important}\r\n#plr .pg-h2{font-size:20px !important;font-weight:900 !important;color:var(--green-dark) !important;margin:38px 0 14px !important;padding-bottom:9px;border-bottom:2px solid var(--gold);display:inline-block}\r\n\/* PAGE-SPECIFIC *\/\r\n#plr .cit-table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:15.5px !important;margin-bottom:46px}\r\n#plr .cit-table th{background:var(--green-dark);color:#fff;padding:13px 16px;text-align:left;font-weight:700 !important}\r\n#plr .cit-table td{padding:13px 16px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-solid);color:var(--ink) !important;vertical-align:top;line-height:1.75}\r\n#plr .cit-table tr:last-child td{border-bottom:none}\r\n#plr .cit-table tr:nth-child(even) td{background:var(--ivory)}\r\n#plr .tool-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px}\r\n#plr .tool-card{background:var(--ivory);border:1px solid var(--border-solid);border-radius:var(--r);padding:24px 22px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:10px;transition:box-shadow .2s,transform .2s}\r\n#plr .tool-card:hover{box-shadow:var(--sh-md);transform:translateY(-2px)}\r\n#plr .tool-ico{width:50px;height:50px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-size:22px !important;border-radius:var(--r);flex-shrink:0}\r\n#plr .tool-card h3{font-size:16px !important;font-weight:900 !important;color:var(--green-dark) !important}\r\n#plr .tool-card p{font-size:14.5px !important;color:var(--ink) !important;line-height:1.75;flex:1}\r\n#plr .tool-card a{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;font-size:13px !important;font-weight:700 !important;color:var(--green) !important;transition:color .14s;margin-top:2px}\r\n#plr .tool-card a:hover{color:var(--green-dark) !important}\r\n\/* FOOTER *\/\r\n#plr .footer{position:relative;left:calc(-50vw + 50%);width:100vw !important;margin-left:0 !important;background:#D9A820;border-top:4px solid var(--gold-dark)}\r\n#plr .ft-body{padding:48px 0 32px}\r\n#plr .ft-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.2fr 1fr 1fr;gap:36px;max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 36px}\r\n#plr .ft-h{font-family:'Fraunces',serif !important;font-size:15px !important;font-weight:700 !important;color:var(--green-dark) !important;margin-bottom:14px !important;padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(0,40,18,.18)}\r\n#plr .ft-lks{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:8px}\r\n#plr .ft-lks a{font-size:13px !important;color:rgba(0,40,18,.75) !important;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:7px;padding:7px 12px;background:rgba(0,40,18,.06);border-radius:var(--r);border:1px solid rgba(0,40,18,.1);transition:all .14s}\r\n#plr .ft-lks a:hover{background:rgba(0,40,18,.13);color:var(--green-dark) !important;padding-left:16px}\r\n#plr .ft-lks a i{font-size:11px !important;color:var(--green-dark);flex-shrink:0}\r\n#plr .ft-ci{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:10px;margin-bottom:11px;font-size:13px !important;color:rgba(0,40,18,.75) !important;line-height:1.6}\r\n#plr .ft-ci-icon{width:32px;height:32px;background:rgba(0,40,18,.1);border-radius:50%;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0}\r\n#plr .ft-ci-icon i{color:var(--green-dark);font-size:12px !important}\r\n#plr .ft-ci-label{font-size:10px !important;font-weight:700 !important;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1px;color:var(--green-dark);display:block}\r\n#plr .ft-ci-val{font-size:13px !important;color:rgba(0,40,18,.75) !important}\r\n#plr .ft-ci-val a{color:rgba(0,40,18,.75) !important;transition:color .14s}\r\n#plr .ft-ci-val a:hover{color:var(--green-dark) !important}\r\n#plr .ft-fb{overflow:hidden;border-radius:var(--r);border:1px solid rgba(0,40,18,.14)}\r\n#plr .ft-bot{max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto;padding:13px 36px;border-top:1px solid rgba(0,40,18,.14);display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font-size:11.5px !important;color:rgba(0,40,18,.55) !important;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px}\r\n#plr .ft-bot a{color:rgba(0,40,18,.55) !important;margin-left:14px;transition:color .14s}\r\n#plr .ft-bot a:hover{color:var(--green-dark) !important}\r\n\/* RESPONSIVE *\/\r\n@media(max-width:1024px){#plr .sn-links{display:none}#plr .mob-tog{display:flex}#plr .ft-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:24px}}\r\n@media(max-width:768px){#plr .logorow-i,#plr .sn-i{padding:0 18px}#plr .w{padding:0 18px}#plr .ft-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;padding:0 18px}#plr .ft-bot{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;padding:13px 18px}#plr .tool-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}}\r\n@media(max-width:900px){#plr .tool-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}}\r\n@media(max-width:600px){#plr .tool-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"hdr-wrap\">\r\n<div class=\"logorow\"><div class=\"logorow-i\">\r\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/new-homepage\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"siteLogo\" src=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/library2-e1662618911827-1400x278.png\" alt=\"PAC University Library\" style=\"height:110px !important;width:auto !important;max-width:480px !important\" onerror=\"this.style.visibility='hidden'\"><\/a>\r\n  <div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;margin-left:auto\">\r\n    <a href=\"http:\/\/library.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/cgi-bin\/koha\/opac-user.pl\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:7px;padding:9px 18px;border:1.5px solid #d8e8d4;border-radius:6px;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;color:#1a1a14;white-space:nowrap;text-decoration:none\"><i class=\"fas fa-user-circle\" style=\"color:#e4af21\"><\/i> My Library Account<\/a>\r\n    <div class=\"na-wrap\" id=\"naWrap\">\r\n      <div class=\"na-ring\"><\/div><div class=\"na-ring\"><\/div><div class=\"na-ring\"><\/div>\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/new-arrivals-2\" class=\"na-blink\" style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:7px;padding:9px 18px;border-radius:6px;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;color:#fff;white-space:nowrap;text-decoration:none\">\r\n        <i class=\"fas fa-star star\"><\/i> New Arrivals\r\n      <\/a>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/div>\r\n<nav class=\"sitenav\"><div class=\"sn-i\">\r\n  <div class=\"sn-links\">\r\n    <div class=\"sni\"><a class=\"sna\" href=\"#\">About Library <i class=\"fas fa-chevron-down ca\"><\/i><\/a>\r\n      <div class=\"snd\" style=\"min-width:520px\"><div class=\"snd-wrap\">\r\n        <div class=\"snd-col\"><div class=\"snd-h\">The Library<\/div>\r\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/mission-vision2\/\"><span class=\"st\">Mission &amp; Vision<\/span><span class=\"ss\">Our values and purpose<\/span><\/a>\r\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/message-from-the-librarian\/\"><span class=\"st\">Message from Librarian<\/span><\/a>\r\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/library-membership\/\"><span class=\"st\">Library Membership<\/span><span class=\"ss\">Eligibility and registration<\/span><\/a>\r\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/rulesregulations-2\/\"><span class=\"st\">Rules &amp; Regulations<\/span><\/a>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"snd-col snd-div\"><div class=\"snd-h\">Locations<\/div>\r\n          <a href=\"\"><span class=\"st\">Main Campus &mdash; Roysambu<\/span><span class=\"ss\">Mon&ndash;Fri 8AM&ndash;10PM &middot; Sat 9AM&ndash;6PM<\/span><\/a>\r\n          <a href=\"\"><span class=\"st\">Valley Road Resource Centre<\/span><span class=\"ss\">Mon&ndash;Fri 8AM&ndash;5PM<\/span><\/a>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div><\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"sni\"><a class=\"sna\" href=\"https:\/\/ezproxy.pacuniversity.ac.ke:2443\/login\">Off-Campus Access\/E-Resources<\/a><\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"sni\"><a class=\"sna\" href=\"https:\/\/repository.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/home\">Institutional Repository<\/a><\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"sni\"><a class=\"sna\" href=\"https:\/\/library.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/\">Library Catalogue<\/a><\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"sni\"><a class=\"sna\" href=\"#\">Research Support <i class=\"fas fa-chevron-down ca\"><\/i><\/a>\r\n      <div class=\"snd\" style=\"min-width:520px\"><div class=\"snd-wrap\">\r\n        <div class=\"snd-col\"><div class=\"snd-h\">Help &amp; Guidance<\/div>\r\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/contact-us\/\"><span class=\"st\">Ask a Librarian<\/span><span class=\"ss\">Email, phone, or in person<\/span><\/a>\r\n          <div class=\"snd-h\">Academic Skills<\/div>\r\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/information-literacy\/\"><span class=\"st\">Information Literacy Programme<\/span><\/a>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"snd-col snd-div\"><div class=\"snd-h\">Citation &amp; Writing<\/div>\r\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/citation\/\"><span class=\"st\">Citation Styles &amp; Tools<\/span><span class=\"ss\">APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago<\/span><\/a>\r\n          <div class=\"snd-h\">Workshops<\/div>\r\n          <a href=\"\"><span class=\"st\">Book a Training<\/span><\/a>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div><\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"sni\"><a class=\"sna\" href=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/using-the-library\/\">Using the Library <i class=\"fas fa-chevron-down ca\"><\/i><\/a>\r\n      <div class=\"snd\" style=\"min-width:320px\">\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/rulesregulations-2\/\"><span class=\"st\">Rules &amp; Regulations<\/span><\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/library-membership\/\"><span class=\"st\">Library Membership<\/span><\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/frequently-asked-questions\/\"><span class=\"st\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><\/a>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"sni\"><a class=\"sna\" href=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/find\/\">Find <i class=\"fas fa-chevron-down ca\"><\/i><\/a>\r\n      <div class=\"snd\" style=\"min-width:300px\">\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/library.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/\"><span class=\"st\">Library Catalogue<\/span><span class=\"ss\">Search physical holdings<\/span><\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/repo.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/home\"><span class=\"st\">Ghala Repository<\/span><span class=\"ss\">Theses &amp; dissertations<\/span><\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/research.ebsco.com\/c\/lubth2\/results\"><span class=\"st\">EBSCO Search<\/span><\/a>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"sn-right\">\r\n    <button class=\"mob-tog\" id=\"mTog\"><i class=\"fas fa-bars\"><\/i><\/button>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/nav>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"mobm\" id=\"mMenu\">\r\n  <button class=\"mobm-x\" id=\"mClose\"><i class=\"fas fa-times\"><\/i><\/button>\r\n  <a href=\"http:\/\/library.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/cgi-bin\/koha\/opac-user.pl\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fas fa-user-circle\" style=\"margin-right:10px;color:var(--gold)\"><\/i>My Account &amp; Renew<\/a>\r\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/rulesregulations-2\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fas fa-search\" style=\"margin-right:10px;color:var(--gold)\"><\/i>Rules &amp; Regulations<\/a>\r\n  <a href=\"http:\/\/library.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fas fa-book\" style=\"margin-right:10px;color:var(--gold)\"><\/i>Library Catalogue<\/a>\r\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/repo.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/home\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fas fa-database\" style=\"margin-right:10px;color:var(--gold)\"><\/i>Ghala Repository<\/a>\r\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/ezproxy.pacuniversity.ac.ke:2443\/login\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fas fa-wifi\" style=\"margin-right:10px;color:var(--gold)\"><\/i>Off-Campus Access<\/a>\r\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/library-membership\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fas fa-id-card\" style=\"margin-right:10px;color:var(--gold)\"><\/i>Membership<\/a>\r\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/frequently-asked-questions\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fas fa-id-card\" style=\"margin-right:10px;color:var(--gold)\"><\/i>Frequently Asked Questions<\/a>\r\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/contact-us\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fas fa-comments\" style=\"margin-right:10px;color:var(--gold)\"><\/i>Contact us<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"page-band\"><div class=\"w\">\r\n  <div class=\"pb-crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/new-homepage\/\">Home<\/a><i class=\"fas fa-chevron-right\"><\/i><span>Research Support<\/span><i class=\"fas fa-chevron-right\"><\/i><span>Citation Styles &amp; Tools<\/span><\/div>\r\n  <h1>Citation Styles &amp; Tools<\/h1>\r\n  <div class=\"pb-line\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/div>\r\n<main class=\"page-body\"><div class=\"w\">\r\n\r\n<p class=\"pg-para\">Proper citation gives credit to original authors and allows readers to locate your sources. Different disciplines use different citation styles. The Library can help you understand and apply the correct style for your assignments and research papers.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"pg-h2\">Common Citation Styles<\/div>\r\n<table class=\"cit-table\">\r\n  <thead><tr><th>Style<\/th><th>Used In<\/th><th>Format<\/th><th>Example<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n  <tbody>\r\n    <tr><td><strong>APA<\/strong><br><small style=\"color:var(--muted)\">American Psychological Association<\/small><\/td><td>Social sciences, education, psychology, business<\/td><td>Author-date in text<\/td><td>Smith, J. (2020). <em>Research Methods.<\/em> Nairobi: PAC Press.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n    <tr><td><strong>MLA<\/strong><br><small style=\"color:var(--muted)\">Modern Language Association<\/small><\/td><td>Humanities, literature, languages<\/td><td>Author-page in text; Works Cited list<\/td><td>Smith, John. <em>Research Methods.<\/em> PAC Press, 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n    <tr><td><strong>Chicago<\/strong><\/td><td>History, arts, social sciences<\/td><td>Footnotes or author-date; Bibliography<\/td><td>Smith, John. <em>Research Methods.<\/em> Nairobi: PAC Press, 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n    <tr><td><strong>Harvard<\/strong><\/td><td>Widely used in UK &amp; African universities<\/td><td>Author-date in text; Reference list<\/td><td>Smith, J. 2020. <em>Research Methods.<\/em> Nairobi: PAC Press.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n    <tr><td><strong>Vancouver<\/strong><\/td><td>Medicine, health sciences<\/td><td>Numbered references in text<\/td><td>1. Smith J. Research Methods. Nairobi: PAC Press; 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n  <\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"pg-h2\">Free Citation Tools<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"tool-grid\">\r\n  <div class=\"tool-card\">\r\n    <div class=\"tool-ico\" style=\"background:rgba(208,52,44,.1);color:#d0342c\"><i class=\"fas fa-bookmark\"><\/i><\/div>\r\n    <h3>Zotero<\/h3>\r\n    <p>Free, open-source reference manager. Automatically formats citations and bibliographies in any style. Works as a browser plugin and desktop app.<\/p>\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zotero.org\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\"><\/i> Visit Zotero<\/a>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"tool-card\">\r\n    <div class=\"tool-ico\" style=\"background:rgba(186,57,37,.1);color:#ba3925\"><i class=\"fas fa-graduation-cap\"><\/i><\/div>\r\n    <h3>Mendeley<\/h3>\r\n    <p>Reference manager and academic social network. Organise papers, cite while you write in Word, and collaborate with other researchers.<\/p>\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mendeley.com\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\"><\/i> Visit Mendeley<\/a>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"tool-card\">\r\n    <div class=\"tool-ico\" style=\"background:rgba(0,104,56,.1);color:var(--green-dark)\"><i class=\"fas fa-quote-left\"><\/i><\/div>\r\n    <h3>Cite This For Me<\/h3>\r\n    <p>Simple online generator for citations in over 1,000 styles. Enter a URL, book ISBN, or journal article details and get an instant citation.<\/p>\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.citethisforme.com\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\"><\/i> Visit Cite This For Me<\/a>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"tool-card\">\r\n    <div class=\"tool-ico\" style=\"background:rgba(52,152,219,.1);color:#3498db\"><i class=\"fas fa-align-left\"><\/i><\/div>\r\n    <h3>EasyBib<\/h3>\r\n    <p>Auto-fills citation data by ISBN, URL, or title. Good for quick reference list generation in MLA, APA, and Chicago styles.<\/p>\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.easybib.com\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fas fa-external-link-alt\"><\/i> Visit EasyBib<\/a>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/main>\r\n\r\n<footer class=\"footer\"><div class=\"ft-body\">\r\n  <div class=\"ft-grid\">\r\n    <div>\r\n      <div class=\"ft-h\">Connect with Us<\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"ft-fb\"><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/plugins\/page.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FPacUniversityLibrary%2F&tabs=timeline&width=340&height=280&small_header=true&adapt_container_width=true&hide_cover=false&show_facepile=true\" width=\"110%\" height=\"280\" style=\"border:none;overflow:hidden\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; picture-in-picture; web-share\"><\/iframe><\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div>\r\n      <div class=\"ft-h\">Quick Access<\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"ft-lks\">\r\n        <a href=\"http:\/\/library.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fas fa-book\"><\/i> Library Catalogue<\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/research.ebsco.com\/c\/lubth2\/results\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fas fa-search\"><\/i> EBSCO Search<\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/repo.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fas fa-database\"><\/i> Ghala Repository<\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/ezproxy.pacuniversity.ac.ke:2443\/login\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fas fa-wifi\"><\/i> Off-Campus Access<\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"http:\/\/library.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/cgi-bin\/koha\/opac-user.pl\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fas fa-sync-alt\"><\/i> Renew Books Online<\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/new-arrivals-2\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fas fa-star\"><\/i> New Arrivals<\/a>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div>\r\n      <div class=\"ft-h\">Contact Us<\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"ft-ci\"><div class=\"ft-ci-icon\"><i class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i><\/div><div><span class=\"ft-ci-label\">Email<\/span><div class=\"ft-ci-val\"><a href=\"mailto:librarian@pacuniversity.ac.ke\">librarian@pacuniversity.ac.ke<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"ft-ci\"><div class=\"ft-ci-icon\"><i class=\"fas fa-phone-alt\"><\/i><\/div><div><span class=\"ft-ci-label\">Phone<\/span><div class=\"ft-ci-val\"><a href=\"tel:+254730955228\">0730 955 228<\/a> \/ 114 \/ 116<\/div><\/div><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"ft-ci\"><div class=\"ft-ci-icon\"><i class=\"fas fa-map-marker-alt\"><\/i><\/div><div><span class=\"ft-ci-label\">Location<\/span><div class=\"ft-ci-val\">Along Lumumba Drive, Roysambu, Nairobi<\/div><\/div><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"ft-ci\"><div class=\"ft-ci-icon\"><i class=\"fas fa-mail-bulk\"><\/i><\/div><div><span class=\"ft-ci-label\">Postal<\/span><div class=\"ft-ci-val\">P.O Box 56875-00200, Nairobi<\/div><\/div><\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"ft-bot\">\r\n    <span>&copy; 2026 Richard Ondeng&#39; Library, Pan Africa Christian University. All Rights Reserved.<\/span>\r\n    <div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/\">University Website<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/contact-us\/\">Contact<\/a><\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/footer>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){\r\n  var tog=document.getElementById('mTog'),menu=document.getElementById('mMenu'),cls=document.getElementById('mClose'),open=false;\r\n  function toggle(){open=!open;menu.classList.toggle('open',open);document.body.style.overflow=open?'hidden':'';}\r\n  if(tog)tog.addEventListener('click',toggle);\r\n  if(cls)cls.addEventListener('click',toggle);\r\n  document.addEventListener('click',function(e){if(open&&!menu.contains(e.target)&&e.target!==tog&&!tog.contains(e.target))toggle();});\r\n})();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>My Library Account New Arrivals About Library The Library Mission &amp; VisionOur values and purpose Message from Librarian Library MembershipEligibility and registration Rules &amp; Regulations Locations Main Campus &mdash; RoysambuMon&ndash;Fri 8AM&ndash;10PM &middot; Sat 9AM&ndash;6PM Valley Road Resource CentreMon&ndash;Fri 8AM&ndash;5PM Off-Campus Access\/E-Resources Institutional Repository Library Catalogue Research Support Help &amp; Guidance Ask a LibrarianEmail, phone, or in person Academic Skills Information Literacy Programme Citation &amp; Writing Citation Styles &amp; ToolsAPA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago Workshops Book a Training Using the Library Rules &amp; Regulations Library Membership Frequently Asked Questions Find Library CatalogueSearch physical holdings Ghala RepositoryTheses &amp; dissertations EBSCO Search My Account &amp; Renew Rules &amp; Regulations Library Catalogue Ghala Repository Off-Campus Access Membership Frequently Asked Questions Contact us HomeResearch SupportCitation Styles &amp; Tools Citation Styles &amp; Tools Proper citation gives credit to original authors and allows readers to locate your sources. Different disciplines use different citation styles. The Library can help you understand and apply the correct style for your assignments and research papers. Common Citation Styles Style Used In Format Example APAAmerican Psychological Association Social sciences, education, psychology, business Author-date in text Smith, J. (2020). Research Methods. Nairobi: PAC Press. MLAModern Language Association Humanities, literature, languages Author-page in text; Works Cited list Smith, John. Research Methods. PAC Press, 2020. Chicago History, arts, social sciences Footnotes or author-date; Bibliography Smith, John. Research Methods. Nairobi: PAC Press, 2020. Harvard Widely used in UK &amp; African universities Author-date in text; Reference list Smith, J. 2020. Research Methods. Nairobi: PAC Press. Vancouver Medicine, health sciences Numbered references in text 1. Smith J. Research Methods. Nairobi: PAC Press; 2020. Free Citation Tools Zotero Free, open-source reference manager. Automatically formats citations and bibliographies in any style. Works as a browser plugin and desktop app. Visit Zotero Mendeley Reference manager and academic social network. Organise papers, cite while you write in Word, and collaborate with other researchers. Visit Mendeley Cite This For Me Simple online generator for citations in over 1,000 styles. Enter a URL, book ISBN, or journal article details and get an instant citation. Visit Cite This For Me EasyBib Auto-fills citation data by ISBN, URL, or title. Good for quick reference list generation in MLA, APA, and Chicago styles. Visit EasyBib Connect with Us Quick Access Library Catalogue EBSCO Search Ghala Repository Off-Campus Access Renew Books Online New Arrivals Contact Us Emaillibrarian@pacuniversity.ac.ke Phone0730 955 228 \/ 114 \/ 116 LocationAlong Lumumba Drive, Roysambu, Nairobi PostalP.O Box 56875-00200, Nairobi &copy; 2026 Richard Ondeng&#39; Library, Pan Africa Christian University. All Rights Reserved. University WebsiteContact<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_canvas","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7457","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","post-no-thumbnail"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7457","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7457"}],"version-history":[{"count":32,"href":"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7457\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8018,"href":"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7457\/revisions\/8018"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lib.pacuniversity.ac.ke\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7457"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}